This paper answers questions such as “What is Canon Law?” and “What are its sources, uses, and its theological basis in the Roman Catholic Church?” Fr. Laschuk, the Judicial Vicar for the Archdiocese of Toronto, also explores Christian and canonical understandings of the proper relationship between church and state and between civil and canon law. This paper is the second in a series of three papers published by the Cardus Religious Freedom Institute on the intersection of civil and canon law.